The History Of The Olympic Games :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The History Of The Olympic Games Introduction Today, the Olympic Games are the world's largest pageant of athletic skill and competitive spirit. They are also displays of nationalism, commerce and politics. Well-known throughout the world the games have been used to promote understanding and friendship among nations, but have also been a hotbed of political disputes and boycotts. The Olympic games started thousands of years ago and lasted over a millennium.. The symbolic power of the Games lived on after their demise, and came to life again as the modern Olympic Games being revived in the last century. Both the modern and Ancient Olympics have close similarities in there purpose and in there problems. Ancient Olympics The ancient Olympics had some differences from the modern Games. There were fewer events, and only free men who spoke Greek could compete, instead of athletes from any country. Women where not allowed to even watch the games on penalty of death let alone play in them.. Also, the games were always held at Olympia in Greece instead of being moved around to different sites every time. But also they had some similarities to our modern Olympics, winning athletes were heroes who put their home towns on the map, and became financially sound for life. The conflict between the Olympic's ideals of sportsmanship and unity and the commercialism and political acts which accompany the Games where also present in ancient times. "Sotades at the ninety-ninth Festival was victorious in the long race and proclaimed a Cretan, as in fact he was. But at the next Festival he made himself an Ephesian, being bribed to do so by the Ephesian people. For this act he was banished by the Cretans. " The first Olympic games at Olympia were held in 776 BC. According to Hippias of Elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC, the only event held at the first Olympics was the stadion footrace. Scholars have speculated that the games in 776 BC were not the first games, but rather the first games held after they were organized into festivals held every four years as a result of a peace agreement between the city-states Greece. Every four years the games where started on the first full moon after the summer solstice, lasting for five days. For over 1100 years, from 776 BC to 393 AD the games where played, thousands of people ceased all warfare and flocked to a small sanctuary in northwestern Greece for five days in the late summer for a single reason, to witness the Olympic Games.

Customer Value- Apple Inc.

How Apple Can Keep Its Value By Saul Hansell It’s official. Apple is the most valuable computer maker in the world. In the wake of the company’s better than expected earnings in the quarter ended Sept. 30, Apple’s shares rose by nearly 7 percent, making the company’s total market value $162 billion. That edges out I. B. M. , which is worth $155 billion. Apple also surged past Intel, worth $156 billion, and Nokia, the most valuable cellphone maker, which is worth $150 billion. Indeed, Apple is now the fourth most valuable technology company, after Cisco ($189 billion), Google ($208 billion), and Microsoft ($290 billion). [pic]Apple’s stock Apple, interestingly, has something in common with these other companies. They all draw their power from software. Microsoft sells software in a box. Google delivers software online. Cisco, like Apple, delivers software embedded in devices, which it largely contracts to others to make. But there is a key difference, too. The other three have established dominant positions in their markets, which fends off rivals and keeps margins high. Apple is a distant No. 3 in PCs. It dominates personal music players, but it has a much more modest share if you define the consumer electronics market more broadly. Still, Apple maintains margins through a combination of innovation and marketing that leads consumers to prefer its brand. That’s a great achievement, but it is harder to maintain that edge than an operating-system monopoly. For an investor, one question is whether Apple can capitalize on its momentum to catapult itself to a business that doesn’t depend so much on each successive product introduction. To do so, Apple will increasingly find itself battling with the three other companies at the top of the tech totem pole. Microsoft, of course, thought that it had defeated Apple in the operating system a decade ago, only to find its rival has revived, stronger than ever. If the battle of the future is server-based applications delivered on browsers, the battle pits Microsoft, Apple, Google and the collective forces of open-source software against one another. In that world, Apple has some choices to make: Will its iLife and iWork applications move onto the Web? More importantly, will it compete in the mass business PC market, where the C. I. O. of an insurance company buys desktops by the truckload? Price is more important than styling there. Steve Jobs hasn’t liked commodity businesses. He said he didn’t want to do a deal with a cellphone carrier either, but he found a way to hold his nose and cut a rather advantageous deal with AT&T. So who knows if he will go after Microsoft’s corporate market? A safer bet is that the real rivalry will be between Windows and some form of Linux, with Hewlett-Packard and Dell, the No. and No. 2 PC makers, building machines of both flavors and Cisco making the routers. The other, perhaps bigger, battle is over who will control the world of connected entertainment and communications. The iPod begat the iPhone and Apple TV, of course. But Microsoft has been working on media and cellphone software for a decade. And Google is shaping up to be a key player in cellphone software, video distri bution, and any other service or device on which it can display advertising. That brings us to Cisco, which wants to get out more and have some fun. It bought several social networks, as well as Linksys, the home network company, and Scientific Atlanta, the cable set-top-box company. Now it has declared that it will develop an â€Å"entertainment operating system. † No one knows what an entertainment operating system is. But I suspect that if Apple can become the dominant player in that market, it has the best chance to keep its position as one of the most valuable technology companies in the world.

Business Intelligence

Business Intelligence (BI) is a set of theories, methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information for business purposes. BI can handle large amounts of information to help identify and develop new opportunities. (https://enterprisetechnologyconsultant.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/what-is-business-intelligence-bi/) Today, Business Intelligence is one of the most important issues in business firms such as business analysis because business intelligence plays an active role in companies' decision making processes. Every day, in companies, from the smallest unit to the largest one, numerous decisions are made in each department. The fastest way to make these decisions is to increase the size of the company from day to day. In other words, most companies use Business Intelligence to access and reach the information necessary to increase their profits further and succeed in their strategies, to store that information, and to store and analyze the stored information.In the past years, companies have been decided on the data obtained by data mining, but technology is getting more and more day by day and the data that we have are continuing to increase. Social media is one of the biggest share of data increase and emerging technology. Every day, every second through channels in social media, people produce and share countless content, such as videos, pictures, music and short stories. ‘We are Social' is a digital report about Internet use in the world for 2017 as it is every year. According to this report, in 2007, 3,773 billion people are using the internet all over the world. ( https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview) According to the research done, the worldwide data is increased by 50% every 3 years. Companies are having difficulty in preparing reports, processing and analyzing using raw data in such large data collection. In a fast-developing world, companies are demanding faster and more accurate decisions in a competitive environment, and to be able to adapt to change. Therefore, in order for the raw data to be useful information, there was a need for a method to adapt to new technologies and developments, with the exception of old methods, so that Business Intelligence emerged.With the increasing popularity of business intelligence, many professions have formed such as process analysis, process design, business management and data mining. These professions have differences according to the sectors, so the business intelligence system — must be prepared in a comprehensive and good way. In order to be able to prepare and apply in a good way;It is easy and fast to adapt according to the needs and each sector.It serves all departments in companies.Must have appropriate data models.Users should be able to report on their request at the appropriate time.Business Intelligence ApplicationsBusiness intelligence applications include business analytics, reporting, querying, decision support systems, forecasting and olap. In a competitive environment, each sector adds value and gives advantages to the company.Independent research firm Gartner publishes a list of market assessments each year in order to answer the most common business intelligence application by making assessments based on various criteria in the field of business intelligence and divides the list into four main segments. According to this, the most common and market leader is business intelligence applications; According to Gartner, leading business intelligence platform providers include: IBM, Oracle, SAP, SAS, Microstrategy, QlikTech, Information Builders. (http://tr.intellium.com.tr/kurumsal-performans-yonetimi/is-zekasi-nedir-ne-ise-yarar-en-yaygin-is-zekasi-uygulamalari-nelerdir/)For business intelligence applications; Need is determined Analyze: First, the decision-making styles of the companies are analyzed. The information that allows them to make quick decisions should pay attention. Also, how to present the information, such as a definable table or report.Technical solutions and architectural designs are madData warehouse is designed and data is managedAnalyzes are made on the data and the necessary reports are takenIt builds infrastructure and performs studies for large data.Useful InfoConversion ProcessDataData is raw data that can be quantified, classified and counted with the most general definition. In order for the information to be transformed into information, it is first collected and classified from media such as social media and newspapers. Once classified, the edited and processed data is transformed into useful information. For example, a list is created based on the employees' surnames and is stored for later use.InformationTransaction processing creates information. When information occurs, unnecessary information is set up. As a result of this arrangement unnecessary information is being taken, companies' decision making processes progress more quickly. At the same time information is the answer to questions such as who, where, when, how, what, how many. Information has a much richer content. Besides, there are processes such as formatting and editing in the information, while the data has a scattered structure. For example, a table can be created that analyzes the list sorted by employees' surnames and includes only the number of employees, genders, or ages. At this point, the average age of the employees of the company will be revealed, and here we will turn it into information.KnowledgeInformation wisely transformed with analysis, experimentation and interpretation. The concept of information is a more complex concept than data and informationKnowledge is information that is more specific, specialized, and interpreted than the information that comes from personal knowledge and experience with resources from information accumulation. (135) Knowledge must have a targeted, detailed and easily understandable format. How to answer the question. As a result, if it is desired that the information is useful, it must be communicated to the right person in the right place at the right time. If information is desired to be useful, that information must be related to the desired subject, correct, timely, incomplete, and accessible.WisdomWisdom is to act according to information and needs. Data, information and information are the results we have achieved at the end of the completed process. These results can be decided by making logical evaluations. It is the stage of discovering wisdom. Business Intelligence A Seminar Report on BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE Prepared by: Guided By: Arpan Solanki Prof. Yagnik A. Rathod 100410107063 Assistant professor TY C. E SVIT-VASAD Certificate Date: /11/12 This is to certify that Mr.Arpan Solanki ID No: 10- CEG-66En No. 100410107063 of programme Computer Engineering [Third Year,5th Semester] has satisfactorily completed his term work in course Seminar [150705] for the term ending in November,2012. Staff in-charge: Head of Department: Mr Yagnik A. Rathod Mrs Bijal Talati Asst. Professor HOD Computer EngineeringComputer Engineering C. E. DepartmentC. E. Department SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VASAD-388306, GUJARAT–INDIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTEvery work owes its success to many people. Likewise, the successful completion of our Project Report could not have been possible without the co-ordination and support of our college SVIT. I am thankful to Mrs Bijal Talati (HOD of CE department) for his constant inspiration and valuable guidance which helped us to complete the Project satisfactorily. His inspirational remarks from time to time enabled us to complete the report in stipulated time period. He provides us needed help and facilities for carrying out test for our program.I am thankful to Mr Yagnik Rathod for constantly inspiring us and providing us required details and help on regular intervals, which helped us to reach our goal on time. I am also thankful to the whole Computer Department for their unbounded cooperation and support. ABSTRACT Business intelligence (BI) refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments, or by associated costs and incomes.BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of business intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, and predictive analytics. Business intelligence aims to support better business decision-making. Thus a BI system can be called a decision support system (DSS).Though the term business intelligence is sometimes used as a synonym for competitive intelligence, because they both support decision making, BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence gathers, analyzes and disseminates information with a topical focus on company competitors. INDEX CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1.Defination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 3. Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 4. Business Intelligence Tools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Fig 4. Architecture Of BI†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. Success Factor Of Implemention†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 5. 1 Business Sponsership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 5. 2 Business Needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 5. 3 Amount and Quality Of Availabel Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 6. User Aspect†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Market Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 7. 1 Industry-Specific†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 8. Semi-structured or Unstructured data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 8. 1 Semi-structured vs Unstructured data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 8. 2 Problems With Semi-structured or Unstructured data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 8. The Use Of Matadata†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 9. Uses and Examples BI†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 9. 1 Which Type Of Company Use It?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 9. 2 Examples Of BI†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 10. Benifits and Disadvantages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 10. Benifits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 10. 2 Disadvantages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 11. Future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 12. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0 1. DEFINATION Business intelligence (BI) is the ability of an organization to collect, maintain, and organize knowledge. This produces large amounts of information that can help develop new opportunities. Identifying these opportunities, and implementing an effective strategy, can provide a competitive market advantage and long-term stability. [ The goal of modern business intelligence deployments is to support better business decision-making. Thus a BI system can be called decesion support system(DSS).Though the term business intelligence is sometimes a synonym for competative intelegence(because they both support decision making), BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence gathers, analyzes and disseminates information with a topical focus on company competitors. If understood broadly, business intelligence can include the s ubset of competitive intelligence. BI is broad category of applications, which include the activities of †¢ decision support systems query and reporting †¢ online analytical processing (OLAP) †¢ statistical analysis, forecasting, and data mining. 2. HISTORY In a 1958 article, IBM researcher Hans peter luhn used the term business intelligence. He defined intelligence as: â€Å"the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal. † Business intelligence as it is understood today is said to have evolved from the decision support systems that began in the 1960s and developed throughout the mid-1980s.DSS originated in the computer-aided models created to assist with decesion making and planning. From DSS, data warehouses, Executive information system, OLAP and business intelligence came into focus beginning in the late 80s. In 1989, Howard Dresner proposed â€Å"business intelligence† as a n umbrella term to describe â€Å"concepts and methods to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems. † It was not until the late 1990s that this usage was widespread. 3. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE AND DATA WAREHOUSING Often BI applications use data gathered from a data ware house or data mart.However, not all data warehouses are used for business intelligence, nor do all business intelligence applications require a data warehouse. To distinguish between the concepts of business intelligence and data warehouses, Research often defines business intelligence in one of two ways: Using a broad defination: â€Å"Business Intelligence is a set of methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that transform raw data into meaningful and useful information used to enable more effective strategic, tactical, and operational insights and decision-making. When using this definition, business intelligence also includes technologies such as data integration , data quality, data warehousing, master data management, text and content analytics, and many others that the market sometimes lumps into the information management segment. Therefore, Forrester refers to data preparation and data usage as two separate, but closely linked segments of the business intelligence architectural stack. Forrester defines the latter, narrower business intelligence market as, â€Å"†¦ referring to just the top layers of the BI architectural stack such as reporting, analytics and dashbord. 4. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE TOOLS Operational Data Source: Business Intelligence system collects data from various sources including operation database, ERP, legacy apps, external database and etc. ETL tools (Extract, Transform, Load) are used to pull data from source database, transform the data so that it is compatible with the data warehouse and then load it into data warehouse. A Data Warehouse is a â€Å"Subject-Oriented, Integrated, Time-Variant, Nonvolatile coll ection of data in support of decision making†.Data Warehouses tend to have these distinguishing features: (1) Use a subject oriented dimensional data model; (2) Contain publishable data from potentially multiple sources and; (3) Contain integrated reporting tools. A data mart is a repository of data gathered from operational data and other sources that is designed to serve a particular community of knowledge workers. The data may derive from an enterprise-wide database or data warehouse or be more specialized. A data mart is a repository of data gathered from operational data and other sources that is designed to serve a particular community of knowledge workers.The data may derive from an enterprise-wide database or data warehouse or be more specialized. Literally, On-Line Analytical Processing. Designates a category of applications and technologies that allow the collection, storage, manipulation and reproduction of multidimensional data, with the goal of analysis. * A pivot table is a great reporting tool that allows for â€Å"slicing and dicing† data. * REPORT: It gives brief report about output Business Intelligence ETL tools Data Warehouse Marketing Data Mart Finance Data Mart Distribution Data Mart BI OLAP ReportsPivot Table Data gethered FIG 4. ARCHITECTURE OF BI 5. SUCCESS FACTOR OF IMPLEMENTATION Before implementing a BI solution, it is worth taking different factors into consideration before proceeding. According to Kimball et al. , these are the three critical areas that you need to assess within your organization before getting ready to do a BI project: 1. The level of commitment and sponsorship of the project from senior management 2. The level of business need for creating a BI implementation 3. The amount and quality of business data available . 1: BUSINESS SPONSERSHIP The commitment and sponsorship of senior management is according to Kimball et al. , the most important criteria for assessment. This is because having strong manage ment backing helps overcome shortcomings elsewhere in the project. However, as Kimball et al. state: â€Å"even the most elegantly designed DW/BI system cannot overcome a lack of business [management] sponsorship†. It is important that management personnel who participate in the project have a vision and an idea of the benefits and drawbacks of implementing a BI system.The best business sponsor should have organizational clout and should be well connected within the organization. It is ideal that the business sponsor is demanding but also able to be realistic and supportive if the implementation runs into delays or drawbacks. The management sponsor also needs to be able to assume accountability and to take responsibility for failures and setbacks on the project. Support from multiple members of the management ensures the project does not fail if one person leaves the steering group.However, having many managers work together on the project can also mean that there are several different interests that attempt to pull the project in different directions, such as if different departments want to put more emphasis on their usage. This issue can be countered by an early and specific analysis of the business areas that benefit the most from the implementation. All stakeholders in project should participate in this analysis in order for them to feel ownership of the project and to find common ground.Another management problem that should be encountered before start of implementation is if the business sponsor is overly aggressive. If the management individual gets carried away by the possibilities of using BI and starts wanting the DW or BI implementation to include several different sets of data that were not included in the original planning phase. However, since extra implementations of extra data may add many months to the original plan, it's wise to make sure the person from management is aware of his actions. 5. 2: BUSINESS NEEDSBecause of the close rela tionship with senior management, another critical thing that must be assessed before the project begins is whether or not there is a business need and whether there is a clear business benefit by doing the implementation. [15] The needs and benefits of the implementation are sometimes driven by competition and the need to gain an advantage in the market. Another reason for a business-driven approach to implementation of BI is the acquisition of other organizations that enlarge the original organization it can sometimes be beneficial to implement DW or BI in order to create more oversight.Companies that implement BI are often large, multinational organizations with diverse subsidiaries. A well-designed BI solution provides a consolidated view of key business data not available anywhere else in the organization, giving management visibility and control over measures that otherwise would not exist. 5. 3: AMOUNT AND QUALITY OF AVAILABLE DATA Without good data, it does not matter how goo d the management sponsorship or business-driven motivation is. Without proper data, or with too little quality data, any BI implementation fails. Before implementation it is a ood idea to do data profiling. This analysis identifies the â€Å"content, consistency and structure †of the data. This should be done as early as possible in the process and if the analysis shows that data is lacking, put the project on the shelf temporarily while the IT department figures out how to properly collect data. When planning for business data and business intelligence requirements, it is always advisable to consider specific scenarios that apply to a particular organization, and then select the business intelligence features best suited for the scenario.Often, scenarios revolve around distinct business processes, each built on one or more data sources. These sources are used by features that present that data as information to knowledge workers, who subsequently act on that information. The business needs of the organization for each business process adopted correspond to the essential steps of business intelligence. These essential steps of business intelligence includes but not limited to: 1. Go through business data sources in order to collect needed data 2.Convert business data to information and present appropriately 3. Query and analyze data 4. Act on those data collected 6. USER ASPECT Some considerations must be made in order to successfully integrate the usage of business intelligence systems in a company. Ultimately the BI system must be accepted and utilized by the users in order for it to add value to the organization. If the usability of the system is poor, the users may become frustrated and spend a considerable amount of time figuring out how to use the system or may not be able to really use the system.If the system does not add value to the users? mission, they simply don't use it. To increase user acceptance of a BI system, it can be advisable to con sult business users at an early stage of the DW/BI lifecycle, for example at the requirements gathering phase. This can provide an insight into the business process and what the users need from the BI system. There are several methods for gathering this information, such as questionnaires and interview sessions. When gathering the requirements from the business users, the localIT department should also be consulted in order to determine to which degree it is possible to fulfill the business's needs based on the available data. Taking on a user-centered approach throughout the design and development stage may further increase the chance of rapid user adoption of the BI system. Besides focusing on the user experience offered by the BI applications, it may also possibly motivate the users to utilize the system by adding an element of competition. Kimball suggests implementing a function on the business intellegence website where reports on system usage can be found.By doing so, manager s can see how well their departments are doing and compare themselves to others and this may spur them to encourage their staff to utilize the BI system even more. In a 2007 article, H. J. Watson gives an example of how the competitive element can act as an incentive. ] Watson describes how a large call centre implemented performance dashboards for all call agents, with monthly incentive bonuses tied to performance metrics. Also, agents could compare their performance to other team members. The implementation of this type of performance measurement and competition significantly improved agent performance.BI chances of success can be improved by involving senior management to help make BI a part of the organizational culture, and by providing the users with necessary tools, training, and support. Training encourages more people to use the BI application. Providing user support is necessary to maintain the BI system and resolve user problems. User support can be incorporated in many w ays, for example by creating a website. The website should contain great content and tools for finding the necessary information. Furthermore, helpdesk support can be used. The help desk can be manned by power users or the DW/BI project team. . MARKET PLACE There are a number of business intelligence vendors, often categorized into the remaining independent â€Å"pure-play† vendors and consolidated â€Å"megavendors† that have entered the market through a recent trend of acquisitions in the BI industry. Some companies adopting BI software decide to pick and choose from different product offerings (best-of-breed) rather than purchase one comprehensive integrated solution (full-service). 7. 1:INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC Specific considerations for business intelligence systems have to be taken in some sectors such as government, banking, hospitality, hotel chain.The information collected by banking institutions and analyzed with BI software must be protected from some groups or in dividuals, while being fully available to other groups or individuals. Therefore BI solutions must be sensitive to those needs and be flexible enough to adapt to new regulations and changes to existing law. 8. SEMI-STRUCTURED OR UNSTRUCTURED DATA Businesses create a huge amount of valuable information in the form of e-mails, memos, notes from call-centers, news, user groups, chats, reports, web-pages, presentations, image-files, video-files, and marketing material and news.According to Merrill Lynch, more than 85% of all business information exists in these forms. These information types are called either semi-structured or unstructured data. However, organizations often only use these documents once. The management of semi-structured data is recognized as a major unsolved problem in the information technology industry. According to projections from Gartner (2003), white collar workers spend anywhere from 30 to 40 percent of their time searching, finding and assessing unstructured d ata.BI uses both structured and unstructured data, but the former is easy to search, and the latter contains a large quantity of the information needed for analysis and decision making. Because of the difficulty of properly searching, finding and assessing unstructured or semi-structured data, organizations may not draw upon these vast reservoirs of information, which could influence a particular decision, task or project. This can ultimately lead to poorly informed decision making.Therefore, when designing a business intelligence/DW-solution, the specific problems associated with semi-structured and unstructured data must be accommodated for as well as those for the structured data 8. 1: SEMI-STRUCTURED VS UNSTRUCTURED DATA Unstructured and semi-structured data have different meanings depending on their context. In the context of relational database systems, unstructured data cannot be stored in predictably ordered colums and rows. One type of unstructured data is typically stored in a BLOB(binary large object), a catch-all data type available in most relation database management systems.Unstructured data may also refer to irregularly or randomly repeated column patterns that vary from row to row within each file or document. Many of these data types, however, like e-mails, word processing text files, PPTs, image-files, and video-files conform to a standard that offers the possibility of metadata. Metadata can include information such as author and time of creation, and this can be stored in a relational database. Therefore it may be more accurate to talk about this as semi-structured documents or data, but no specific consensus seems to have been reached.Unstructured data can also simply be the knowledge that business users have about future business trends. Business forecasting naturally aligns with the BI system because business users think of their business in aggregate terms. Capturing the business knowledge that may only exist in the minds of business u sers provides some of the most important data points for a complete BI solution. 8. 2: PROBLEMS WITH SEMI-STRUCTURED OR UNSTRUCTURED DATA There are several challenges to developing BI with semi-structured data. According to Inmon ; Nesavich, some of those are: 1.Physically accessing unstructured textual data – unstructured data is stored in a huge variety of formats. 2. Terminology– Among researchers and analysts, there is a need to develop a standardized terminology. 3. Volume of data – As stated earlier, up to 85% of all data exists as semi-structured data. Couple that with the need for word-to-word and semantic analysis. 4. Searchability of unstructured textual data – A simple search on some data, e. g. apple, results in links where there is a reference to that precise search term. (Inmon ; Nesavich, 2008)[25] gives an example: â€Å"a search is made on the term felony.In a simple search, the term felony is used, and everywhere there is a reference to felony, a hit to an unstructured document is made. But a simple search is crude. It does not find references to crime, arson, murder, embezzlement, vehicular homicide, and such, even though these crimes are types of felonies. † 8. 3: THE USE OF MATADATA To solve problems with searchability and assessment of data, it is necessary to know something about the content. This can be done by adding context through the use of metedataMany systems already capture some metadata (e. g. filename, author, size, etc. , but more useful would be metadata about the actual content – e. g. summaries, topics, people or companies mentioned. Two technologies designed for generating metadata about content are automatic catagorision and information extraction. 9. USES AND EXAMPLES OF BI 9. 1 WHICH TYPE OF COMPANY USE IT? * Hotel/restaurant chain. They use for prediction of menu,from that they know that which dishes customer wants regularly or ocasanaly,they know that which restaurant not work ing properly and which in lost so they will close that and they know that which restaurant in profit so they expand it. Food chain/Retail stores They use BI tool for better market place. they use it for better supply chain management and efficient transportation and warehousing. By this tool authority knows about stocks in warehouse, which product have good response at which shop so provide a better stock their. they know about various product stock by just clicking away not to check for it. Wall mart, Relience fresh use business intelligence. For better profit and selling. 9. 2 EXAMPLES OF BI : 1 . Microsoft business intelligence 2. pantaho 3. oracle business intelligence 10.BENIFITS AND DISADVANTAGES 10. 1 BENIFITS 1. Continuous improvement of design making capabilities used to increase revenue ; reduce cost 2. Better tools for knowledge worker 3. Leverage the amount of captured transactions ; operation data 4. Multidimensional analysis 5. Ad-hoc status reporting ; what-if scenari os 6. Intuitive user interface 7. Customer behavior 8. Sales force analysis 9. Market ; customer penetration 10. Product ; service life cycle analysis 11. Budgeting ; planning 12. Business performance 13. Customer click stream information 4. Integration of traditional business ; e-business 15. HR performance evaluation 16. Compression analysis 17. Workforce planning ; optimization 10. 2 DISADVANTAGES : 1. Cost 2. Pilling of historical data 3. Complexity 4. Limited use 11. FUTURE A 2009 Gartner paper predicted these developments in the business intelligence market: * Because of lack of information, processes, and tools, through 2012, more than 35 percent of the top 5,000 global companies regularly fail to make insightful decisions about significant changes in their business and markets. By 2012, business units will control at least 40 percent of the total budget for business intelligence. * By 2012, one-third of analytic applications applied to business processes will be delivered th rough coarse graind application mashups. A 2009 Information Management special report predicted the top BI trends: â€Å"cloud computing, social networking, data visulization, mobili BI, predictive analitic, cloud compiting and multitouch. † Other business intelligence trends include the following:

Food Microbiology

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Food is one of human sources of calorie, protein, fats, and nutrition. Yet, because of the highly nutritious content, food is susceptible to growth of microorganisms. By the presence of microorganisms in food, the food is more likely to have shorter shelf life. Thus, mostly it is resolved by the addition of antimicrobial substances to food, such as condiments and preservatives. Condiments and preservatives could inhibit the growth of microorganisms or even destroyed them, as they have antimicrobial agents.Some examples of condiments and preservatives are ginger, clove, sodium benzoate, garlic, and coriander. The factors contributing in the effectiveness of condiments and preservatives in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms are the concentration of the antimicrobial, temperature, characteristic of the microorganisms and food, storage time. As different types of microorganisms have different resistance toward the antimicrobial substance, it is important to understand the characteristic of the microorganisms towards the antimicrobial agent.There are two types of resistance: intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance. There are some methods of observing the capability of the condiments in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. In the experiment, the method used is well diffusion method, which used different type of condiments and added into holes of agar, where by the inhibition zone by the condiments could be observed. The larger the inhibition zone, the more effective the condiment was in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. 1. 2 Objectives By conducting the experiment, students are expected to learn and observe he effectiveness of antimicrobial substance consisted in condiments and potassium sorbate towards the growth of microorganisms. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Antimicrobials Referring to Volk and Wheeler (1993), antimicrobials are the substances that are used to inhibit or kill pathogenic or non-pathog enic microbes. Antimicrobials are also often used as sanitizers and preservatives. Sanitizer is an agent to decrease the amount of microorganisms to the acceptable level. It is generally used in food processing equipments. Antimicrobials are grouped into natural antimicrobials and chemical antimicrobials.According to Fardiaz (1992), antimicrobials may be microstatic, which is inhibitory to the growth of microbes, and microcidal, which means able to kill microbes. Fruit extract is one most susceptible food materials and thus, is often added with preservatives, especially chemical preservatives, stored at low temperature, or pasteurized. Pasteurization is a heating process at 63? C for thirty minutes. This process is aimed to preserve the stability of the food materials (Buckle et al. , 1987). The growth of microbes can be controlled by using various methods, namely physical method, chemical method, and immunological method.The control of microorganism growth is performed to kill the microbes, to inhibit the microbes, and to destroy the microbes. Physical controls can be performed by sterilization with heating or radiation and filtering. Chemical controls can be carried out by using chemical antimicrobial compounds, such as disinfectants and preservatives. Whereas immunological controls can be performed by vaccination (Batzing, 2002). 2. 2 Active Antimicrobial Compounds in Spices 2. 2. 1 Garlic Garlic come from the onion family and are an erect biennial herb, which grow annually. It has irregular roots, condensed, flattened step and narrow and has lat leaves. Garlic’s bulb consists of 6 to 35 bulblets called cloves which enclosed in a thick whitish, glistening, and transparent covering (Anonym1, 2000). According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), garlic or Allium sativum or lahsoon in Indian name is an edible plant, which has been generating a lot of interest as a medicinal panacea and a cure for a wide variety of different conditions since the human history h as begun. It is reported to have anticancer effects and to reduce blood lipids in human body. Figure 2. 1 shows the approximate composition of fresh garlic. Figure 2. The approximate composition of fresh garlic Source: Ahmad (1996) The active compound found in garlic cloves which have an unusual concentration of sulfur-containing compounds (1-3%) is called allicin. It is a volatile molecule, which is poorly miscible in aqueous solution, and has a strong typical odor of crushed garlic. Chemically, allicin can be synthesized by mild oxidation of diallyl disulfide as presented in Figure 2. 1. It is to be noticed in Figure 2. 2 that there is a compound called alliin which is a stable precusor, that later will be converted to allicin by enzyme called alliinase present in cloves too.Moreover, alliinase is surprisingly found in large amounts in cloves, which is about 10% of the total protein content. Practically, allicin is produced when garlic cloves are cut into or crushed (Ankri and Mir elman, 1999) Figure 2. 2 Generation of allicin in a garlic clove Source: Ankri and Mirelman (1999) According to Ankri and Mirelman (1999), there are several biological activities in allicin such as its activity as an antioxidant and its ability to attack the sulphur (SH) groups in enzymes and proteins while modifying their activities as well.Furthermore, allicin can rapidly penetrate into cells through the cell membranes. In its pure form, allicin has been reputed to exhibit antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, for instance Escherichia coli that is known to be a multidrug-resistant enterotoxicogenic strains, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Bacillus, and Clostridium. It also has antifungal activity that prevents the formation of mycotoxins such as the aflatoxin of Aspergillus parasiticus.Allicin has shown the anticandida activity towards and is effective against the group species of Candida, Cryptococ cus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum at only low concentration since it inhibits both the germination of spores and the formation of hyphae. Referring to Dobre et al. (2011), allicin can also attack Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penecillium species, which are responsible for food poisoning and food decay.The main mechanism of the antimicrobial activity in allicin is the inhibition of certain thiol-containing enzymes in the microorganisms by the super fast reaction of thiosulfinates with thiol groups, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, and RNA polymerase that later will affect the essential metabolism of cysteine proteinase activity. The reason why microbial cells are highly sensitive to allicin is probably because the lack of glutathione (thiol molecules such as trypanothione) which results of lack of the ability to reactivate the pivotal SH-enzymes that are thiolated by allicin (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999). . 2. 2 Coriander Coriander or Coriandrum sativu m L. is originated from the Mediterranean region and has the appearance of flat shape in the one side while slightly pointed shape is found in the other side. Coriander seed has various lengths between 3 to 5 mm with brown color in ripe state (Sarkar, 2012). Accodring to Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn (2010), it has been traditionally used as an analgesic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antispasmodic, circulatory stimulant, and antidiabetic. Beside that, coriander is known to have effect in lowering cholesterol. Table 2. shows the composition of coriander seed. Table 2. 3 The coriander seed composition in 1 tsp Total Fat 0. 9g 1% Saturated Fat 0. 00g 0% Monounsaturated Fat 0. 7g Polyunsaturated Fat 0. 1g Cholesterol 0mg 0% Sodium 2mg 0% Total Carbohydrates 2. 7g 1% Dietary Fiber 2. 1 g 8% Protein 0. 6g Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 2% Calcium 4% Iron 5% Source: Sarkar (2012) The precise volatile compounds acting as antimicrobial compounds have not been exami ned clearly till now, although there are some volatile compounds suggested to be the antimicrobial compound inside coriander which are (2E) – hexenal and (3E) – hexenal (Kubo et al. , 2004).They are reported to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are foodborne pathogenic bacteria. It also exhibits bactericidal activity and is reported to have an effective antibacterial. The mechanism of the activity of coriander is membrane damage causing cell death to the bacteria (Silva et al. , 2011). However, according to Uma et al. (2009), coriander seems to not having an effective antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast have not yet been examined further. 2. 2. 3 Black PepperBlack pepper (Pipper nigrum) is a condiment that has been used since ancient times and is native to India. Black pepper is useful for treatment of various sicknesses su ch as vertigo, asthma, fever and also cholera. The volatile oil of black pepper has been shown to have antimicrobial activity as well (Karsha and Lakshmi, 2009). The major antimicrobial compund found in black pepper are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Davidson et al. , 2005). According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2009), black pepper shows strong antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus faecalis.Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli are affected as well, although the effect on gram-positive bacteria is better. The mechanism of the antimicrobial activity appears to be loss of control over cell membrane permeability. According to Singh et al. (2004), black pepper has antifungal activity as well as it is effective in stopping the growth of molds such as Fusarium graminearum. Black pepper is also shown to be able to inhibit the growth of yeast such as Candida a lbicans (Joe et al. , 2009). 2. 2. 4 Potassium SorbatePotassium sorbate are currently one of the most widely used preservative and can be used to preserve foods, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Potassium sorbate may be manufactured as a powder or granules and has an antimicrobial potency of 74% compared to sorbic acid. The molecular weight of potassium sorbate is 150. 22 and is the most soluble form of sorbate compared to the others, such as calcium sorbate and sodium sorbate. Besides good solubility, potassium sorbate is also has good stability and easy to manufacture, making it the most used form of sorbate in food industry.Sorbate is very effective when used against bacteria, molds, and yeasts. Yeasts inhibited by sorbate are Brettanomyces, Candida, Cryptococccus, Debaryomyces, Endomycopsis, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sporobolomyces, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, and Zygosaccharomyces. Molds species inhibited by sorbate are Alternaria, Asco chyta, Ascosphaera, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gliocladium, Helminthosporium,Heterosporium, Humicola, Monilia, Mucor, Penicillium, Phoma, Pepularia, Pestalotiopsis, Pullularia, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, Rosellinia, Sporotrichum, Trichoderma, Truncatella, Ulocladium, and others. While for bacteria, the species inhibited are Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Mycobacterium, Pediococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia, and others (Davidson et al. , 2005). 2. 3Mechanism of Antimicrobials There exist some mechanisms of antimicrobial activity in inhibiting the growth of microbes. The antimicrobials are classified into: cell wall destructor, cell wall permeability intervent ion, destructor of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes, antimetabolites, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, and cell plasmolysis (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Referring to Fardiaz and Betty (1989), the broken cell wall of microorganisms will cause the cell content to depart from the cell and thus, inhibit the cell metabolisms. Severe destructions on the cell may cause the death of the cell.Lysozyme is one of the enzymes that are able to destruct the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. An enzyme produced by a bacterium might be able to inhibit the growth of other microbes. There is also a type of antimicrobials that is able to inhibit the formation of cell wall materials. These cells that do not have cell wall are called protoplast. Protoplast is very easily broken, except when placed in isotonic medium. Penicillin and cycloserin are examples of compounds that retard the formation of peptidoglycan in developing cell. Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to penicillin as they have lots of peptidoglycans.The breaking of plasma membrane and leakage of cell content will inhibit the microorganism growth or even kill the microorganisms. The implication if the cell destruction is the enzymes will not be able to function properly in the cell metabolism. However, antimicrobials that intervene the cell wall permeability are rarely used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Compounds destructing the protein and nucleic acid are able to destroy cells. This type of destruction is unfixable. For instance, certain amount of alcohol and sodium chloride are able to denaturate the proteins.Those two compounds are often used in food industries (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). Antimetabolites are the compounds that are similar to natural metabolites. These antimetabolites will interrupt the metabolisms in the cell. The interruption of the metabolisms might retard the cell growth or even kill the cell. Furthermore, the synthesis of DNA and RNA may be inhibited by some antimic robial compounds, namely the compounds that are able to retard the formation of nucleic acid arrangement and compounds that inhibit the nucleic acid polymerization (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989).Plasmolysis or the breakage of a cell is caused by the high plasmolysis pressure. Materials that are often used in food to promote the cell plasmolysis are salt and sugar. Salt and sugar are considered to be able to increase the osmotic pressure in food materials therefore plasmolysis takes place (Fardiaz and Betty, 1989). 2. 4 Antimicrobial Sensitivity towards Microbial Defense Microorganisms have the ability to resist some types of antimicrobial substances. There are two types of resistance in microorganisms toward antimicrobial agents, such as intrinsic or natural resistance and acquired resistance.The antimicrobial agents in intrinsic resistance could not affect the microorganisms, as they have no target sites, which are the microorganisms, to affect. In contrary, in microorganisms that donâ €™t have the intrinsic resistance, the antimicrobial substance could gradually enter the microbial cell and affecting the activity of the microorganisms, as the microorganisms’ cell membrane have lower permeability to antimicrobial substance (Sosa et al. , 2010). Furthermore, in acquired resistance, the microorganisms are naturally vulnerable, as they need specific ways for preventing to be affected by the antimicrobial substances.Some examples of the specific ways are the presence of enzyme that has the ability to inactivate the antimicrobial agent, or alternative enzyme that has the ability to inhibit the activity of antimicrobial agent. Then, it also happens when there is mutation and post-transcriptional and posttranslational in the microorganisms that are the target of the antimicrobial agent. Thus, these will reduce the binding of the antimicrobial agent (Sosa et al. , 2010). Every microorganism has different sensitivity towards different type antimicrobial agents. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. is mostly used as seasoning condiment. According to Kubo et al. (2004), in the leaves of coriander, there are volatile oils that are suggested to have antimicrobial properties against food born pathogen, such as Salmonella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L. ) is used mostly in food as seasoning condiments. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of black pepper is very effective for inhibiting antibacterial activity agains penicillin G resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis (Chaudhry and Tariq, 2006).According to Karsha and Lakshmi (2010) experiment, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper than gramnegative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, the most susceptible towards antimicrobial in black pepper is Staphylococcus and followed by Bacillus and Streptococcus. Furthermore, among gram-negative bacteria, the most susceptible towards an timicrobial in black pepper is Pseudomonas, followed by E. coli, Klebsiella and Salmonella. Garlic (Allium sativum) is commonly used for antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antihelmantic, antiseptic and anti-infamatory.Garlic extract is effevtive in inhibiting the microbial activity of both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria. Several examples of the gram-negative bacteria are E. coli, Salmonella species and Citrobacter Enterobacter, Pseudomon, Kilabsella) and the gram-positive bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus, spp. , Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumonia Group A streptococcus and Bacillus anthrax (Daka, 2011; Durairaj, 2009). Potassium sorbate is used as preservative in food as the sorbic acid is more effective than benzoic acid in preserving food. The preservation process occurs in higher pH.It is effective to inhibit the microbial activity of Pseudomonas species, which are categorized as gram-positive bacteria (Beuchat, 1980). Mostly, gram-positi ve bacteria are more sensitive towards antimicrobial agent than gram-negative bacteria (Torrence and Isaacson, 2003). 2. 5 Factors Affecting Microorganism Strength towards Antimicrobial Compounds The resistance of microbes towards particular antimicrobial compound is dependent on several factors that contained in that particular microbe such as the cell wall, protein content, nucleic acid, and membrane cell (Lay, 2002).There are several types of microbes that have cell walls, and an antimicrobial compound that can affect the mechanism of the cell wall that influence the microbial resistance. Anti-microbial compounds may interfere with the work of the cell wall as well as peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which is the process in prokaryotic cell wall structure construction. Disruption of peptidoglycan may affect the resistance and sensitivity of microbes to changes in osmotic perspective (Lay, 2002). Microbes also contain nucleic acids.The nucleic acid can be affected by antimicrobial comp unds where the enzymes that are going to be used for the synthesis of nucleic acid are inhibited. The example is rifampin where it binds the enzyme RNA polymerase, quinolone as well as binding enzyme DNA gyrase (Lay, 2002). The resistance of microbes can be affected by the metabolism of the microbes. Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of essential molecules can be inhibited by antimetabolite. Antimetabolite is the antimicrobial that is used for inhibiting the growth of microbes. An example of antimetabolite is the sulfinylamide (Lay, 2002).In general, most living cells including microorganisms has the ability to control what is going in and out of the membrane. If there is a rupture in the membrane, it will cause the spillage of the essential inorganic ions. Thus, rupture in the cell membrane can affect the growth and death of the microbes (Lay, 2002). 2. 6 Methods of Microbial Defense towards Antimicrobial Activity 2. 6. 1 Well Diffusion Method Well diffusion method is done by pou ring the microbial suspension that is going to be tested into a sterile Petri dish continued by pouring the media agar into the dish. Then, the Petri dishes are mixed by the eight movement ethod to allow even mixing. The media is then allowed to be solidified and cynlidrical holes are made. The holes are then filled with antimicrobial agents to be tested. The cup was incubated at 37Â °C for two days and then observed on the antimicrobial activity of the tested microbial suspension. Antimicrobial ingredients poured into the well are able to spread evenly as it can diffuse in all directions around the microbial suspension. Once incubated, usually will form a clean circular zone of microbes. This method can be used to test several different types of antimicrobial agents. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. Kirby Bauer Disc Method One of the easy methods to test the vulnerability of organisms towards the antimicrobial agents is by inoculating the agar with culture and allowing the antimicrobes to diff use to the media agar. The discs that contain antimicrobial agents are placed on the surface of the plate that has the organisms that are going to be tested. At particular distance on respective discs, the antimicrobes will diffuse to a point where the antimicrobes are unable to inhibit the microbial growth. Antimicrobial effectiveness is shown by the inhibition zones. Inhibition zone appears as clean areas that surround the disc.The diameter zone can be measured by using ruler and the result of the experiment considered to be one antibiogram. (Smith, 2005) 2. 6. 3 MIC and MBC The antimicrobial activity can be observed by knowing the concentration of the antimicrobial agents that are going to be used by reducing the total critical number of bacteria that caused their death. MIC (minimum inhibitor concentration) from an antimicrobes can be known by providing the antimicrobial agents into two serial dilutions in series tubes or can be done by well method in a media that has been inocu lated with bacteria.Series tubes that have been filled with antimicrobial agents are incubated to see the growth of the bacteria and the turbidity is observed. The increment in turbidity indicates the growth of the microbes. MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent where the grwoth can be inhibited completely. (Smith, 2005) MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) is the total number of antimicrobial agents that is required to kill organisms.MBC is done by taking a part from each serial tubes from the MIC that does not show any growth of the bacteria that has been incubated, The samples is taken from respective tubes that has been incubated in pour plate media. MBC is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that are able to kill at least 99. 9% of the inoculums that has been incubated (Smith, 2005). 2. 7 Food Preservatives Preservatives are commonly used to prevent destruction of physical, chemical and microbiological food. Use of antimicrobial preservative s combined with other preservatives so that the preservation of the food will be maximized.According Fellows (2000), the criteria for antimicrobial preservative in food are the usage and is more efficient which when dissolved in water, stable in storage, non-toxic, low antimicrobial concentrations but has a wide range, optimum efficiency at room temperature, non-corrosive, odorless, and its high penetrative ability to the food. Based on its mechanism, the antimicrobial agent acts as the rupture of the cell wall When there is a rupture on the cell wall, the cell contents will spill out thus inhibiting the metabolism of cells. The destruction of the cell wall can result in cell death.Lysozyme can damage the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin and sikloserin inhibit the growth of peptidoglycan in the cell develops. Gram-positive bacteria is sensitive towards penicillin as the high level of peptidoglycan content. Damage to the cell wall would also cause damage to the plasma membrane (Fellows, 2000). NaCl and alcohol is often used to preserve food because it can cause denaturation of proteins and nucleic acids that can destroy the cell and cannot be repaired. While H2O2 is an antimicrobial that can destroy the enzyme activity of microbes.Compounds inhibiting the formation of nucleic acids and nucleic acid polymerization inhibitor compounds can inhibit the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. The use of salt and sugar can cause plasmolysis the microbial cell. Since the osmotic pressure on microbial too high, so that the cells undergo plasmolisis and can inhibit the growth of microbes (Fellows, 2000). Ascorbic acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds in a way to inactivate the enzyme fatty acid dehydrogenase. Ascorbic acid can work optimally at a pH above 6. 5.Propionic acid is at its most effectiveness to inhibit molds and yeasts with maximal activity at pH above 5. Acetic acid as vinegar used to preserve bread in order to prevent mold contamination, but vinegar cannot inhibit the growth of yeasts. Acetic acid work optimally at low pH (acid). Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide can be used as a fumigant in spices and flour. Sodium or potassium nitrite and nitrate are commonly used for preservatives in meat products. Maximum working power of nitrite compounds is pH of about 57. Nitrite also serves to inhibit Clostridium botulinum, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Flavobacterium,Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and some micrococcus. Nitrites are heated simultaneously with foods will provide the growth inhibitory effect against microbes ten times greater than that of nitrite without heating (Fellows, 2000). CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHOD 3. 1 Materials and Equipments Equipments that are used in the experiment are balance, blender, grater, dilution bottle, autoclave, waterbath, refrigerator, vernier caliper, tip with the cuttop, sterile toothpicks, sterile petri dishes, micropipette, tip (10 ml and 100Â µl), and Bunsen’s b urner.Materials that are used are spices (black pepper, garlic, and coriander), potassium sorbate, alcohol, aquadest, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), yeast culture (Candida tropicalis), mold culture (Aspergillus oryzae), PCA media, and NA media. 3. 2 Procedures 3. 2. 1 Extract Preparation 1. Spices were weighed up to 3 grams and reduced in size. 2. The spices were mixed with 10mL of ethanol into Erlenmeyer flasks. 3. 2. 2 Antimicrobial Assay 1. 1mL of culture is added into Petri plate 2. The matching medium is added into the Petri plates (NA for B. subtilis and PDA for A. ryzae and C. tropicalis) 3. The media were let to solidify. 4. Holes were made by using tips with cut-tops. 5. Mixtures of spices were added into the holes. 6. The plates were incubated were incubated for 48 hours in 37? C. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISSCUSION 4. 1 Effect of Antimicrobial Compounds Towards Microbial Growth 4. 1. 1 Garlic Table 4. 1 Observation result of inhibitory activity by garlic From Table 4 . 1, it can be seen that the microorganism that was the most susceptible to allicin contained in garlic, judging by the largest area inhibition, was Bacillus subtilis.There were even no growths in some Petri dishes that meant that the effectiveness of allicin as the antimicrobial compound could be found most when it was applied for bacteria, which was Bacillus subtilis in particular. It matched with the previous literature discussed stating that allicin is an active compound in garlic that attacks the cell membrane in microorganism. However, there was an error found in the experiment from Group 4, which resulted in no inhibition found from Bacillus subtilis. This might happen due to the absence of the allicin itself or the ontamination happened which might result in the building of the resistance towards antimicrobial compound. Afterwards, it can be seen from the experiment that Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae shared almost the same result, which means that they were also susceptible to allicin. The uneven inhibition found in Candida tropicalis showing the largest inhibition (7. 23mm) beyond the inhibition done for Bacillus subtilis might happen because of the uneven diffusion of the active antimicrobial compound to the dishes. It still matched the theory since allicin has antibacteria and antifungal activity towards the species mentioned above.From the result, it can be concluded that garlic can be used as the antimicrobial compound in food to prevent foodborne disease and food poisoning. However, the concentration of garlic has to be concerned since it has strong odor and may be unpleasant to some people. 4. 1. 2 Coriander Table 4. 2 Observation result of inhibitory activity by coriander From Table 4. 2, it can be seen that coriander is found to be effective as an antimicrobial compound most in Bacillus subtilis, although some of the dishes showed no area of inhibitions.The disappearance of Bacillus subtilis in most of Petri dishes shown by no grow th sign indicated that coriander worked best to inhibit bacteria. This result matched with the previous literature stating that coriander inhibits food pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria. However, coriander has the least inhibition activity towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae was found to be less susceptible to the volatile compound in coriander acting as antimicrobial compound. There were almost no area of inhibition found in every petri dish, proving that coriander did not affect mold and yeast.Since the literature stated that coriander has almost no antifungal activity and its activity toward yeast has not been examined, the result matched them. 4. 1. 3 Black Pepper Table 4. 3 Observation result of inhibitory activity by black pepper From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that black pepper is most effective when used against Bacillus subtilis, as many bacteria were inactivated, indicated by the area of clear zone, which in some plates, all of them doesn’t grow at all and so the area of clear zone can’t be measured.Aspergillus oryzae are quite susceptible as well to black pepper’s antimicrobial compound as the area of inhibition overall is large. While the most resistant microorganism from the experiment shown is Candida tropicalis, as the area of inhibition is relatively small. From the theory, black pepper shows antimicrobial activity against bacteria, molds, and yeasts, but the strongest towards bacteria, especially Grampositive bacteria. The result of the experiment matches the theory, as black pepper is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, which is a Grampositive bacterium.It also inhibited the growth of Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae, so the result of the experiment matches the theory. 4. 1. 4 Potassium Sorbate Table 4. 4 Observation result of inhibitory activity by potassium sorbate From the result of the experiment, it can be seen that potassium sorbat e is very effective in stopping the growth of Bacillus subtilis, as in some plates it inhibited the growth of all the bacteria and so the area of clear zone can’t be measured. Antimicrobial activity can be seen as well towards Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.According to the theory, potassium sorbate is very effective when used to inhibit the growth of bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The result of the experiment matches the theory, as potassium sorbate in this experiment is able to stop the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus Oryzae. 4. 2 Microbial Defense Towards Antimicrobial Compounds 4. 2. 1 Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) Table 4. 4 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Bacillus subtilis in some condiments From the table 4. 4, it is shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense of the Bacillus subtilis for its growth is arlic. Also, the least effective condiment for inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is effective for both Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria, thus the inhibition zone is larger. Also, coriander is effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, as in the experiment the bacteria used was Gram-positive bacteria, thus, coriander is not effective in inhibiting Bacillus subtilis. The experiment result has shown the same result as the theory given. 4. 2. 2 Yeast (Candida tropicalis) Table 4. 5Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Candida tropicalis in some condimentsIn the table 4. 5, it shown that the most effective condiment in affecting the microbial defense and microbial growth of Candida tropicalis is garlic and the least effective is coriander. According to the theory, garlic is used as antifungal and is the most effective one in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, molds and yeast. Thus, the inhibition zone of garlic is the largest. Also, as coriander is mostly effective in inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, the rate of inhibition of yeast is lower, so the inhibition zone is smaller. The experiment result has shown the exact result as the theory given. 4. 2. Molds (Aspergillus oryzae) Table 4. 6 Table of diameter of inhibition zone of Aspergillus oryzae in some condiments The experiment result has shown that the most effective condiment towards the inhibition zone in Aspergillus oryzae media is garlic and the least effective condiment is coriander. Referring to the theory, garlic is mostly used as antifungal and the most effective condiment used in the experiment to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Also, coriander is least effective in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus oryzae as coriander is most effective in inhibiting gramnegative bacteria.In conclusion, the result of the experiment shows the same result as the theory given. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Spices have different antimicrobial compounds able to inhibit the growth of various types of microorganisms. Based on the expe riments, garlic, coriander, and black pepper have the most effective activity in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, or in this case Bacillus subtilis. However, coriander was proven to have no antifungal activity by the absence of inhibition zone on the Petri plates with yeast and molds, in this case Candida tropicalis and Aspergillus oryzae.In addition, potassium sorbate is effective to inhibit the growth of all types of micoorganisms in the experiment: bacteria, yeast, and molds. The Bacillus subtilis bacteria, Candida tropicalis yeast, and Aspergillus oryzae molds are most susceptible by the presence of garlic. This means that the garlic has the highest effectiveness in affecting the defense of bacteria, yeast, and molds. In contrast, the growth of bacteria, yeast, and molds is least affected by the presence of coriander.

Mystic Monk Case Study 1

James Farris Case Study #1 2/28/13 Mystic Monk Case 1. Father Daniel Mary is a man that is very dedicated to his church and seems to have a distinct passion for expanding the Carmelite Monks. Father Mary seeks expansion by the purchasing of the 8. 9 million dollar Irma Lake ranch out in the mountains of Wyoming, and by doing this, he hopes to create a place of pure worship, peace, and adoration. After the purchase of this ranch he hopes to expand the current number of monks of 13, to 30. The increase in space will allow more room for interaction and collaboration among the monks.Father Mary see’s the acquisition of the ranch as the future of the monastery and the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming. He knows that his vision of purchasing the ranch would require careful planning and execution. A way he seeks in raising money for this vast purchase is an increase in the revenues from Mystic Monk Coffee. 2. Father Mary assumed that the secluded monastic environment offered unique challeng es to functioning a business enterprise, but it also provided chances that were not obtainable to secular businesses.He committed to develop an execution strategy that would allow Mystic Monk Coffee to minimize the outcome of its cloistered monastic constraints, maximize the potential of monastic opportunities, and understand his vision of buying the Irma Lake Ranch. It seems Father Mary has a definite set of objectives and performance targets to achieve his goal. 3. Mystic Monk Coffee is going to have to make some financial changes if they are wanting to achieve their goal.This can come anyway from making spending cuts, to changing slogans and the way they market their product. An appeal to Catholics to, ‘use their Catholic coffee dollar for Christ and his Catholic church†, was published on the Mystic Monk Coffee website. This is a definite marketing ploy to try and increase sales. Mystic Monk has an advantage over other coffee brands because many customers see their pu rchase as helping the people of god, whether this is morally right or wrong, it is a clear advantage for Mystic Monk Coffee. . Mystic Monk Coffee makes most of its sales online, with a seldom few being over the phone. A 12-ounce bag on their website runs $9. 95, with purchasing of three or more bags qualifying for free shipping. They also give you the option of joining a â€Å"coffee club†, which offers monthly delivery of one to six bags of preselected coffee. The website also offers T-shirts, gift cards and CD’s. It is good the majority of their business is done over the internet seeing how our world is becoming almost completely internet based.At the end of MMC’s first year in operation, its sales of coffee and accessories averaged about $56,500 per month, but their total net profit of this was only 11%, bringing their total net profits to $6,215 per month, or $74,580 per year. This number would have to increase if they are wishing to a acquire the $8. 9 mill ion dollar Irma Lake Ranch. 5. Yes, it qualifies as a winning strategy. Just as long as Father Mary stays dedicated with his vision and makes the proper financial decisions. The acquisition of the ranch isn’t in any way unreasonable. 6.To make this dream become a reality Father Mary is just going to have to do a great job of communicating his project to others, and make sure his fellow Monks are on the same page with him as to what needs to be accomplished. Mystic Monk Coffee will also have to see a significant increase in donations if they are going to make their vision a reality. They need to make Catholic’s within the faith from our the world aware of what they are trying to accomplish. I believe if Father Mary sticks to his vision, they will be able to purchase the Irma Lake Ranch.

Multiple Births Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiple Births - Essay Example An inconsistency during the 2nd trimester between the measured fundal height and gestational age of the fetus usually present a case of twin or multiple pregnancies. Clinical presentation of these pregnancies elicit size of fetus greater than the date by exam, fetal motion not detected until 18-20 weeks, elevated AFP results (Tharpe, 2006). Confirmation of such pregnancies is made through ultrasonographic examination. Complications: Several risks and complications are associated with multiple gestations including early pregnancy loss, low birth weight along with the occurrence of intra-uterine fetal demise, preterm labor and delivery (Levene and Chervenak, 2009). There is an increased prevalence of congenital anomalies in monozygotic twins. Brain anomalies like hydrocephaly and micro-cephaly are found to be associated with multiple pregnancies. Also, risk for intra-partum asphyxia is increased in second born due to frequent fetal mal-presentation leading to traumatic delivery. Risk of maternal morbidity is also enhanced in these pregnancies. Other maternal complications include induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, anemia, urinary tract infections, pre-eclampsia, ante-partum hemorrhage, post-partum hemorrhage and endometriosis (Littleton and Engebreston, 2002). According to Avery et al., (2005) in multiple births increased risk of intra-uterine growth retardation is reported which may be due to unequal sharing of placenta among fetuses. Consequently, usual problems associated with intra-uterine growth retardation like intra-partum asphyxia, polycythemia, hypoglycemia and pulmonary hemorrhage are witnessed. In 5% of the multiple pregnancies, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome is observed which is due to vascular anastomosis between the circulations of monozygotic twins sharing the same placenta. The transfusions taking place in single direction may render the donor fetus anemic, while the recipient fetus becomes polycythemic. Eventually, either of the twin fetuses may become hydropic due to volume overload or anemia. In some severe cases, the donor twin may expire. Management: Patients with multi-fetal pregnancies are followed closely with ultrasonographic examination to assess fetal growths and development throughout her pregnancy. Patient m ay be hospitalized if she develops signs of preterm labor or other complications. Delivery room management of multiple births requires larger number of trained personal for resuscitation/CPR in case of preterm delivery and availability of blood as multi-fetal pregnancies experience frequent blood loss and may lead to post-partum hemorrhage (Gilstrip et al., 2002). Multiple births offer a challenge to nurses and health paramedics in delivery room. Where majority of multiple pregnancies should be delivered normally a caesarean section is suggested as a preferred mode of delivery (Levene and Chervenak, 2009). For a vaginal delivery, continuous electronic monitoring of the fetal vital signs, tolerance to labor (attained by fetal electronic heart beat monitor) and uterine activity should be done (Cruickshank and Shetty, 2009). Delivery should be done till 40th week of gestation because of increased risk of peri-natal morbidity after the due date. In the labor management of twin gestation prostaglandins or oxytocin can be administered to induce vaginal delivery (Creasy et al., 2004).

Accommodating English Language Learners in the elementary classroom Essay - 1

Accommodating English Language Learners in the elementary classroom - Essay Example This would help comply with the Federal standard of No Child Left Behind by facilitating English Language Learners’ attainment of Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives (AMAO) (Whitsett & Hubbard, 2009). To accommodate English Language Learners in my elementary class, I would acquaint myself with their family backgrounds. This would help me understand some of the things that I should avoid in class in order not to come out as stereotypical thus fulfilling the federal standard of diversity in education. Additionally, I would accommodate English Language Learners in my elementary class by fostering rapport with their parents because they are crucial in the success of these learners. Fostering rapport and liaising with the parents of these learners would facilitate my compliance with Federal legal requirement that accords these parents the right to decline an English Language learner program. Finally, I would accommodate English Language Learners in my elementary class by giving them language acquisition tests that match their level. This would help me prepare them for the federal legal requirement that all learners, including English Language Learners, be subjected to an annual statew ide assessment (Whitsett & Hubbard,